TRANSCRIPT
Dear Rose Russell,
I feel obliged to answer your kind letter from May 21st. My intention was not to disparage the 5thAmendment as being unjustified.
The 5th Amendment was adopted in order to make it impossible for the judicial authorities to bring the accused to confess through means of extortion.
In the present cases, it is not a matter of violent extortion of the accused but a matter of using people as tools for the prosecution of others that one wants to label as “unorthodox” and pursue through an economic campaign of destruction. It is a misuse of Parliament’s immunity, carrying out practices that should fall into the machinery of the judicial fury (police). This procedure absolutely contradicts the nature of the arrest, if not also it’s exterior form.
The individual is offered no legal middle ground for him to defend his actual rights. That is why I argued that there is no way other than revolutionary non-cooperation, like Gandhi used with great success against the legal powers of the British Authorities.
--------- A.E.
- Identify Albert Einstein and explain his particular interest in the problem faced by Rose Russell.
- Why were individuals such as Russell called to appear before the Congressional Committee?
- How did Einstein suggest that Russell react to being summoned to appear at the “McCarthy hearings”? Explain his reasoning.
- FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH: What happened to people who invoked the Fifth Amendment, refused to appear, or were found in violation of the law as defined by the Congressional Committee?
1. He was interested because he was concerned about if Russell was given a fair trial, a right given by the Constitution.
ReplyDelete2. They were suspected of being communist.
3. He suggest Russell not cooperate because the 5th Amendment is a judicial tool used to oppress.
4. Their refusal to appear ultimately led to the downfall of Joseph's McCarthy's political career.
Look at my most recent post. Also, it wasn't the refusal to testify that brought down McCarthy. It was his tactics and public trials that led to his downfall.
Delete1. Albert Einstein was a Jew who fled to America from the wrath of Hitler and the Nazis, who were attempting to exterminate European Jews. He had been forced to leave his homeland because of an oppressive communist regime, and Rose Russell's rights had been taken away as well, so Einstein certainly sympathized with her.
ReplyDelete2. The Second Red Scare following WWII led to hysteria in the United States that reflected an overly exaggerated fear of communist takeover. Many innocent people were sentenced to prison if they were even suspected of being involved with communism. Individuals, such as Rose Russell, were robbed of their rights, such as due process of law (5th Amendment), thanks largely to Senator Joseph McCarthy, who was a ringleader in the "witch hunt" for communists, and who wrongfully accused hundreds of innocent Americans.
3. He suggested that she shouldn't cooperate, but instead rebel against these unjust accusations and assert her rights as an American. Gandhi used these tactics against British authorities and successfully rid his people of their oppression, so Einstein believed that this too would work for victims of the McCarthy raids.
4. People who tried to fight Joseph McCarthy's ruthless system seemed to further prove that the senator was right about his claims that they were indeed communists. Their disobedience and unwillingness to prove that they weren't communists seemed to prove that they were. The victims were imprisoned without due process of law, which is guaranteed by the 5th Amendment.
4. Albert Einstein was a physicist, one of many targets in the government’s questioning of scientists’ and teachers’ political affiliations. He was also socialist, a political ideology under the microscope along with communism. Rose Russell, a teacher in the Teachers Union of the City of New York, wrote him claiming that she would choose to invoke the 5th amendment.
ReplyDelete5. The American government was searching for communist sympathizers.
6. Einstein told Russell not to plead the 5th, but to practice “noncooperation” as Gandhi did and claim that being forced to testify violated the 1st amendment because if she had plead the 5th, the prosecution could “use her as a tool to label others as unorthodox.”
7. They were instantly deemed communist and lost their jobs and many relationships.
1) Albert Einstein was a renowned physicist and socialist from Ulm, Germany. He was interested in assisting communist-suspected people during the McCarthy Hearings by giving them helpful pieces of advice.
ReplyDelete2)Individuals were summoned to be questioned on their political affiliations. America was trying to fish out communist sympathizers, and the hearings were a great start.
3) When Russell wrote to Einstein in need of help, Einstein recommended that Russell should not plead the 5th but instead use non-cooperation. This was not the right circumstance to plead the 5th.
4) Individuals of the hearing who proclaimed the 5th was "most positive proof obtainable that witness was communist."(McCarthy,) and most were blacklisted and jailed losing their jobs, homes, and families.
1. Albert Einstein is a German scientists who, after fleeing Hitler’s regime in Germany in 1933, urged President Roosevelt in 1939 to enter the race against the Germans in developing an atomic bomb. Einstein’s letter and frequent meetings with the President ultimately convinced Roosevelt to begin the Manhattan Project before the start of WWII. He, like many other nuclear scientists, was fully aware of the atomic bomb’s destruction and pushed for a general reduction of nuclear armaments in the Cold War. The silencing of accused communist sympathizers in America was an all too familiar experience to a man who witnessed the same censorship and autocratic policy in Nazi Germany. Rose Russell is an accused sympathizer who is being called to a McCarthy hearing for her views, and Einstein sees such a situation as simply unjust. Through the letter, he hopes to convince Russell to make a statement to the American people, for the unjust McCarthy hearings are simply guilt by association.
ReplyDelete2. People like Rose Russell were called to testify before the Congressional Committee on allegations based on their affiliation with communists. As the Cold War progressed, Americans became more and more paranoid of Soviet spies conspiring against the United States. Communism presented a threat to American society, for the Soviets had already developed nuclear weapons of their own in the arms race with the U.S. Because this posed such an immediate threat to the nation, individual rights were largely ignored in the McCarthy hearings (named after Joseph McCarthy, a Republican senator who took full advantage of the Second Red Scare to gain authority over the American people) of the early 1950s. Therefore, putting potential communists in prison would prevent the disastrous outcome of a nuclear attack.
3. First, Einstein clarifies the purpose of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution—to prevent extortion of the accused. Einstein suggests that instead of “pleading the Fifth,” Russell should act in a more revolutionary manner. He suggests that she participates in non-cooperation, for the trials themselves are unjust in nature. He wants her to act out against the abusive nature of the prosecution through an act of nonviolent rebellion. Civility is reserved for manners of true justice; it should be abandoned, Einstein argues, in times of subjugation to an unjust, all-powerful legal authority. This action will make much more of a statement to the American people to realize McCarthy’s cruel agenda than simply abiding by common legal practices. An altogether refusal to provide testimony at the hearing would be an effective action on Russell’s part.
4. The Congressional Committee, referred to as the House Un-American Activities Committee, would proceed with an investigation of those who cited the Fifth Amendment in their defense. Choosing to “plead the Fifth” ultimately pinned the accused as guilty, causing them to lose their jobs if they weren’t inevitably indicted. Those who flat out refused to answer the Committee’s questions, like Pete Seeger in August of 1955, were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress. The House Committee’s success preluded McCarthy’s attempts to hunt down communists and ultimately died with McCarthy’s own downfall with the Senate’s condemnation of the Senator in late 1954.
Good!!!
Delete1. Albert Einstein was a founder of modern physics through his various pioneering works concerning unexplored aspects of physics, such as the Theory of Relativity and even Brownian motion. Einstein has apparently found fault with the seeming disregard of the 5th amendment by the federal government by “extorting” individuals to testify or confess.
ReplyDelete2. To investigate possible ‘subversive’ behaviors such as the proclamation of any anti-capitalist political ideologies, primarily Marxism to ensure national security.
3. To simply not bother in trying to fight for a legal middle ground, but simply standing his ground and the ideologies he believes in and protest. This is due to the arbitrary nature of McCarthyism and its derision of individuals that do not meet the objective standards of American society.
4. Pleading the 5th added suspicion of actually committing a crime, as well as allowing Congress to indict certain individuals for not complying and thus posing a threat to national security. Many were jailed.
1) Albert Einstein is a Jewish scientist from Germany who immigrated to the U.S. during the second World War. His interest in Rose Russell’s problem stems from the fact that Congress was disallowing the people to proclaim their 5th amendment right to keep from testifying against themselves.
ReplyDelete2) Because of the second red scare, Congress was trying to eliminate Communist threats by finding people in America that they thought to be Communist
3) By not cooperating; he argues that such tactics were of great success to Ghandi
4) They were tried for contempt of Congress or blacklisted from industry.
1) Albert Einstein is a Jewish scientist from Germany who immigrated to the U.S. during the second World War. His interest in Rose Russell’s problem stems from the fact that Congress was disallowing the people to proclaim their 5th amendment right to keep from testifying against themselves.
ReplyDelete2) Because of the second red scare, Congress was trying to eliminate Communist threats by finding people in America that they thought to be Communist
3) By not cooperating; he argues that such tactics were of great success to Ghandi
4) They were tried for contempt of Congress or blacklisted from industry.
1. Albert Einstein was a German Scientist and he advised Rose Russel not to appear before court not because of the 5th ammendment but because it was in violation of the first.
ReplyDelete2. They were under suspicion of being communist\
3. advised them to not appear before court because it was in violation of the first ammendment
Where is answer to question 4?
Delete1) Einstein believes that prosecutors are using the fifth amendment as a tool for their own benefit instead of a protector for the defendant. It is just another way to violate the rights of anyone considered a Communist, and Einstein finds this legal practice wrong.
ReplyDelete2) Mr. Russell might have been implicated in Communist activities. If anyone was considered even remotely sympathetic to Communist ideas, he was given an unfair trail and sentencing.
3) He wants Russell to refuse to cooperate. Basically, Russell didn't have any rights, according to the court, at least, so he should not conform to their system. (The Gandhi reference wasn't a bad example to offer to a frightened defendant n an impossible trial.)
4) The defendant could be considered in contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison if he refused to appear. If he pleaded the fifth, it made him look guilty. If the defendant refused to cooperate during the proceedings, he could lose his job and get blacklisted so that he could not get a replacement job. Essentially, it was a lose-lose situation for any victim of the Second Red Scare.
1. Rose Russell wrote a letter to Albert Einstein, a famous physicist and avowed socialist, regarding the invoking of the fifth amendment. This letter caught Einstein's eye and he decided to respond by saying, "In the present cases, it is not a matter of violent extortion of the accused," but a matter of using people as tools for the prosecution of others. Einstein strongly believed that invoking the fifth amendment was problematic. He also advised Russell to consider non-cooperation.
ReplyDelete2. Russel was called to appear before the congressional committee because the government was attempting to eliminate communist sympathizers in the American society by calling scholars and scientists to answer questions concerning their political affiliations.
3. Einstein suggested Russell to refuse to testify, but not on the grounds of the fifth amendment because he felt the McCarthy hearings were not the circumstances it was meant for.
4. If a person invoked the Fifth Amendment he or she would be held in contempt.
1) Albert Einstein, famous physicist and socialist, was interested in the letter from Rose Russell regarding the right to use the 5th amendment in the McCarthy trials.
ReplyDelete2) During the McCarthy Hearings, the government set up a series of investigations to attempt to find Communists.
3) Einstein suggested to refuse to testify but not invoking the 5th amendment because the 5th amendment was adopted to allow " judicial authorities to bring the accused to confess through means of extortion." However in the McCarthy cases "it is not a matter of violent extortion of the accused." (Einstein).
4) For those who invoked the 5th amendment, they were suspected to hiding something and assumed guilty for communism.
1. Albert Einstein was an important thinker, philosopher and foremost mathematical geniuses of the time. He took interest in Russel primarily to explain his position on the fifth amendment and the unfairness of the McCarthy hearings.
ReplyDelete2. To be used as a tool for the prosecution
3. She should reject because she was being used as an unfair tool in a trial where the defendant could not defend his own rights.
4. Destruction of career and loss of employment, some were also imprisoned
Look at question number 2.
Delete1.) Einstein was a physicist who took interest in this case because Russell considered invoking the 5th amendment.
ReplyDelete2.) They were called upon to answer questions about their political obligations.
3.) He advised Russell to not testify based 5th amendment because it was not needed for that particularly instance & he stated that it could be problematic because it offers no ground to defend individual rights.
4.) By invoking the 5th amendment or refusing to appear, they could be accused of being guilty & could face further consequences.
Albert Einstein is an intellectual who came to the US during World War II. He took an interest in those whose rights weren’t being protected, including Rose Russell. Russell was yet another victim to being accused of communism and being arrested without trial. It interests Einstein because he sees it as a violation to the rights of American citizens.
ReplyDeleteThe US was in the deep of the Red Scare during the Cold War, and everyone who showed any signs of communist ideas was immediately branded as a traitor and a threat. Joseph McCarthy was the main antagonist, and he set out to find every “communist and put them before the Congressional Committee because they were allegedly a threat to national security.
Einstein knew that these McCarthy Trials were unjust, so he suggested that Russell simply not go to the unfair trial. His reasoning was that the best solution to problems of unfair treatment in history was Civil Disobedience, because it worked for Ghandi in liberating India from oppressive British rule.
If anyone did not show up to their hearing in the name on non-cooperation, then they were forcibly arrested without a trial, for their non-cooperation was considered grounds enough for their arrest.
-Brennan Ballard, despite whom Blogger may say I am.
1) Albert Einstein was a famous scientist. He was giving his opinion on the issue because he felt the need to help.
ReplyDelete2) They were called to be in a jury.
3) Albert suggested the Gandhi approach to the encounter. He suggested a peaceful meeting.
4) They were punished by jail and fines.
Where is inference? This is during the period of McCarthyism, the HUAC, and the 2nd red scare.
Delete1.) Albert Einstein is one of the greatest thinkers and open minded people. In this letter he is interested in the misuse of Eisenhower's power and he felt that it resembled monopolistic policies because the government was investigating society to see if their were communist sympathizers, and the investigations included scientists and philosophers.
ReplyDelete2.) People such as Rose Russel who held jobs such as teachers, professors, and philosophers were investigated to answer questions based on political affiliations.
3.) Einstein advised them to refuse to testify but not on the grounds of the 5th amendment. It would seem unfit to use it in this circumstance because their wasn't an extreme circumstance for the use of the amendment.
4.) They were given no middle ground to defend their rights and if they were accused of infamous crime then they could be punished by imprisonment in penitentiary.
1) Albert Einstein is advising Rose Russell who sent him a letter responding to one of his previous statements, and he is advocating for revolutionary noncooperation. He is interested because he wants her to not testify but not on the grounds of the fifth amendment.
ReplyDelete2) Individuals like Russell who were called to appear before the congressional committee because she was a member of the Teachers Union of the City of New York, and McCarthy had seen her as suspect of communistic beliefs.
3) Einstein said she should refuse to testify but not invoke the 5th amendment. He reasoned that the questioning itself was against the first amendment, and since that would make it illegal, people shouldn't be required to testify.
4) People who invoked the 5th amendment, refused to appear, or were found in violation of the law would be jailed for contempt of court or the suspicion of communism.
1) Albert Einstein, who was born in Germany, was a theoretical physicist. He said that he didn't want to say the 5th Amendment was unjustified; he wanted to say that parliament should not have the power that belongs to the police.
ReplyDelete2) The government set up investigations to find communists.
3) Einstein said they shouldn't have to testify, but it shouldn't be under the fifth amendment.
4) If they invoked it, they'd automatically be put in jail without being able to defend themselves because invoking the amendment would make the jury skeptical about Communism.
1. Albert Einstein is a physicists and socialist, and he had a particular interest in the problem Rose Russell was facing because Russell was appearing in a McCarthy case and didn't want her to testify under the 5th amendment.
ReplyDelete2. They were called to be questioned about whether they were communist or not.
3. Einstein suggested that Russell should react through non-cooperation like Ghandi.
4. They were either tried for contempt of Congress or blacklisted
1) Albert Einstein was a Jewish immigrant to America and a well known physicist and theorist. He wanted to clarify his intentions of a previous action and his reasoning behind why he thought that the accused should not invoke the 5th amendment since he believed they were being used as scapegoats.
ReplyDelete2) They were called to testify to their political affiliations because they were thought to be communist.
3) He believed that he should not answer the questions in civil disobedience because the time and place for the 5th amendment was not at a hearing, but also because the government was stepping out of line in Einstein’s opinion.
4) They were held in contempt or imprisoned or blacklisted
1. Einstein was writing to Rose Russell in relation to the McCarthy hearings. McCarthy was accusing some government officials of Communism and while it was encouraged to plead the 5th amendment, Einstein said to refuse to testify, but not on the grounds of the 5th amendment
ReplyDelete2. In a speech in 1950, McCarthy charges 205 communists working for the state department
3. Revolutionary non-cooperation, like Gandhi against the British
4. Unemployment, imprisonment
1. Albert Einstein was a German born physicist and socialist who was concerned about the inappropriate use of the 5th amendment by a fellow scientist.
ReplyDelete2. In the 1950s, many scientists and scholars were brought before a congressional committee to answer questions concerning their political affiliation, in an attempt to root out communism.
3. He suggested the Russel should use revolutionary tactics like those of Gandhi because of Gandhi's great success against the British authorities.
4.It was considered as appropriate grounds for dismissal by many government and private industry employers.
1. Albert Einstein is a famous German physicist most commonly known for his theories on gravity and relativity. Albert Einstein is advising Rose Russell not to use the 5th amendment to keep from testifying in the McCarthy hearings. Doing so leaves no ground in order to defend actual rights.
ReplyDelete2. During the 1950s, the McCarthy hearings were investigations of American society and industry in an attempt to uproot communist sympathizers. Among those investigated include scientists and scholars.
3. Einstein suggested that invoking the 5th amendment wasn’t appropriate for the McCarthy hearing, and, rather, other revolutionary tactics like non-cooperation, tried and proved by Ghandi, were more appropriate. Einstein reasoned that invoking the 5th amendment leaves no room for Russell to argue for actual rights.
4. Those that invoked their 5th amendment rights often faced jail. Many lost their jobs, and their careers were destroyed. They were mostly jailed on false crimes and accusations, with the except of the few “communists” that were interrogated.
1. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is famously known for his mass-energy energy relations formula E=mc^2. Einstein's peculiar interest in Rose Russell's problem stems from the McCarthy Hearings of the 1950s. In the trials, the U.S. government investigated American industry and society to try to root out communism. The trials brought forth scientists who were called on to testify, but many refused to because of their fifth amendment rights.
ReplyDelete2. Individuals like Russel were called to appear before the Congressional Committee because they scientists and scholars who were questioned on their political affiliations.
3. Einstein suggests that Russell should not call on the fifth amendment in the trials because it was an inappropriate use of the amendment, instead they should practice revolutionary non-cooperation like Ghandi did against British authorities.
4. Those who invoked the fifth amendment were seen to be the proof of their being Communist.
1. Albert Einstein was a famous scientist and inventor who was particular interest in the problem faced by Rose Russell because judicial authorities to bring the accused to confess through means of extortion.
ReplyDelete2. the government investigated American society and industry in an attempt to root out communist sympathizers. Among those investigated were scientists and scholars, who were called upon to appear before the committee to answer questions concerning their political affiliations.
3. Einstein advised Russell, as he did others, to refuse to testify but not on the grounds of the Fifth Amendment. In this May 28, 1953, letter Einstein wrote that although invoking the Fifth Amendment was not “unjustified,” the McCarthy hearings were not the circumstance it was meant for.
4. prosecuted for contempt of Congress, fired from their jobs. Most
people who refused to testify did so on Fifth Amendment
grounds, declining to incriminate themselves.
1. Albert Einstein is a famous scientist and he is addressing Rose Russell's concern with the legal system and courts. She is concerned with the 5th amendmant and Einstein is telling her that now, instead of people being forced to admit to a crime, they are used as tools to prosecute others. Einstein argues that the individual no longer has a middle ground on which to fairly argue his case.
ReplyDelete2. I do not know, for I cannot find anything on a Rose Russell.
3. He said that she should use revolutionary non-cooperation like Ghandi. He was encouraging the non-violent way of achieving greatness like MLK did around that time.
4.They were thrown in jail because the government was corrupt.
Did you google her? It's the 50s. What were people being targeted for in the 50s?
Delete1. Albert Einstein was addressing Rose Russell to give his view on the McCarthy hearings and his view on how to react to the Fifth Amendment. Einstein was in favor of nonviolent protests and was comparing it to Ghandi and his nonviolent way of protesting.
ReplyDelete2. The McCarthy hearings were a way to pick out people who sympathized with communists. Rose Russell was invoking the 5th Amendment in order to prove her innocence.
3. Einstein wanted Russel to testify but not use the 5th Amendment, which so many people were using, as her excuse. He was in favor of her making this decision because of the fact almost everyone was accused of being a communist.
4. People who refused to go to the hearings had their names slandered, and their jobs taken away. They would also be charged for contempt.
Micaya
ReplyDelete4. Albert Einstein was a physicist, one of many targets in the government’s questioning of scientists’ and teachers’ political affiliations. He was also socialist, a political ideology under the microscope along with communism. Rose Russell, a teacher in the Teachers Union of the City of New York, wrote him claiming that she would choose to invoke the 5th amendment.
5. The American government was searching for communist sympathizers.
6. Einstein told Russell not to plead the 5th, but to practice “noncooperation” as Gandhi did and claim that being forced to testify violated the 1st amendment because if she had plead the 5th, the prosecution could “use her as a tool to label others as unorthodox.”
7. They were instantly deemed communist and lost their jobs and many relationships.
Savannah
ReplyDeleteThe mass destruction caused by the bomb could “destroy the world” if enough of them were detonated, and in the statement issued by the Manhattan District scientists addresses the seriousness of the weapons and how they could cause real problems for the whole world if used incorrectly.
Developments in science and technology that other countries were making were going to lead them to nuclear and atomic technology and weaponry eventually, so there was no point in causing trust issues with secrets.
The document recommends very careful care on control of the weapons.
Albert Einstein is writing a letter in response to Rose Russell’s letter to him, and he’s addressing the 5th amendment as he thinks it’s supposed to be interpreted.
To use their testimony to incriminate themselves or the defendant being prosecuted
Revolutionary non-cooperation like Ghandi used against Great Britain.
Parker
ReplyDelete1950’s Blog Response
1. Albert Einstein was a Jewish immigrant who came from Europe during WWII to avoid persecution from the Nazi, and he wanted Russell to refuse to testify because the McCarthy hearings were not using the 5th Amendment in the correct context. He felt that no matter what she did, she would be persecuted because she was “unorthodox.” Einstein could relate to her because he experienced the same seclusion overseas, and it was just because he was “different” from others.
2. Because Joseph McCarthy made an anticommunist speech that he said he had a “list” of 205 people who were confirmed communists in the State Department, and the gov’t also looked for scientists who were questioned about their stance on communism, and Russell was a member of a teachers union
3. By refusing to testify by not cooperating but not under the 5th amendment even though was created so a person doesn’t self incriminate themselves because using the 5th Amendment he thought would cause more trouble than needed
4. Individuals who refused to answer the committee’s questions or to provide names could be indicted for contempt of Congress and sent to prison. Subjects of the investigations who invoked the 5th Amendment created the impression that they were guilty of a crime. In addition, those who refused to cooperate were often blacklisted by their employers. They lost their jobs and were effectively prevented from working in their chosen industry.
During the “McCarthy hearings” of the 1950s, the government investigated American society and industry in an attempt to root out communist sympathizers. Among those investigated were scientists and scholars, who were called upon to appear before the committee to answer questions concerning their political affiliations. Some refused to testify, citing the Fifth Amendment. Rose Russell, a member of the Teachers Union of the City of New York, considered invoking of the Fifth Amendment in a letter to famous physicist and avowed socialist Albert Einstein in 1953.
ReplyDeleteEinstein advised Russell, as he did others, to refuse to testify but not on the grounds of the Fifth Amendment. In this May 28, 1953, letter Einstein wrote that although invoking the Fifth Amendment was not “unjustified,” the McCarthy hearings were not the circumstance it was meant for. “The 5th Amendment was adopted,” he wrote, “in order to make it impossible for the judicial authorities to bring the accused to confess through means of extortion.” He continued, “In the present cases, it is not a matter of violent extortion of the accused,” but rather a “matter of using people as tools for the prosecution of others that one wants to label as ‘unorthodox.’”
Invoking the Fifth Amendment was problematic, Einstein wrote, because “the individual is offered no legal middle ground for him to defend his actual rights.” In closing, he pointed to a more “revolutionary” tactic—“non-cooperation, like Gandhi used with great success against the legal powers of the British Authorities.”
Later that year, Einstein also counselled fellow physicist Al Shadowitz to refuse to provide testimony at the McCarthy hearings—not by invoking the Fifth Amendment, but by asserting that the questioning was in violation of the First Amendment.
Ben
ReplyDelete1. He was a well known physicist that was born in Germany but later settled in the U.S. He believes that parliament is abusing its power by putting people in jail with limited evidence. He is sick of it.
2. He has been accused for communism.
3. He wanted Rose to use revolutionary non-cooperation to prevent violence and it is proved to be successful with Gandhi.
4. They were put in jail.
Ashley Davidson
ReplyDeleteAlbert Einstein was a famous German scientist who came to America to escape the Holocaust. He is known to many as one of the smartest people to ever live. He is advising Rose Russell to not give her testimony as a form of nonviolent protest (like Gandhi) because he believes the prosecutors are misusing the 5th amendment because they see her as "unorthodox."
2. Joseph McCarthy claimed that he knew of 205 communists working for the State Department. People were called to appear before the Congressional Committee as part of his plan to find and get rid of all communists in America.
3. Einstein suggested that Russell us eft he 5th amendment and refuse to give her testimony. He told her that they are abusing and contradicting the 5th amendment and the "nature if arrest" because they have labeled her as unorthodox and and she needs to defend her rights.
4. They were immediately seen as being communist and could be sent to prison if they were found in violation. By invoking the 5th amendment they were presumed guilty and lost their jobs and many relationships.