1960s

How do you account for the social and foreign policy changes from Eisenhower's 1950s to Kennedy's turbulent sixties?

Respond in two paragraphs. 

1950s

TRANSCRIPT

Dear Rose Russell,

I feel obliged to answer your kind letter from May 21st. My intention was not to disparage the 5thAmendment as being unjustified.

The 5th Amendment was adopted in order to make it impossible for the judicial authorities to bring the accused to confess through means of extortion.

In the present cases, it is not a matter of violent extortion of the accused but a matter of using people as tools for the prosecution of others that one wants to label as “unorthodox” and pursue through an economic campaign of destruction. It is a misuse of Parliament’s immunity, carrying out practices that should fall into the machinery of the judicial fury (police). This procedure absolutely contradicts the nature of the arrest, if not also it’s exterior form.

The individual is offered no legal middle ground for him to defend his actual rights. That is why I argued that there is no way other than revolutionary non-cooperation, like Gandhi used with great success against the legal powers of the British Authorities.

--------- A.E.

1. Identify Albert Einstein and explain his particular interest in the problem faced by Rose Russell.
2. Why were individuals such as Russell called to appear before the Congressional Committee?
3. How did Einstein suggest that Russell react to being summoned to appear at the “McCarthy hearings”? Explain his reasoning.
4. FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH: What happened to people who invoked the Fifth Amendment, refused to appear, or were found in violation of the law as defined by the Congressional Committee?

Review

Gilder Lehrman

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• AP US History Exam Last Minute Prep

Cold War

This declaration of concern, written after the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, offers insight into the Manhattan Project, an atomic development program led by the United States. The “Preliminary Statement of the Association of Manhattan District Scientists” emphasizes the need to control atomic weaponry and acknowledge the consequences of its use. The scientists warn of the havoc that nuclear weapons could wreak if not handled with extreme care and consideration. They also stressed their “very special responsibility to the people of America . . . because of our special awareness of the possibilities of atomic energy for the advance of our civilization or its utter destruction.”

A heavily edited draft of the statement was found among the photographs and personal accounts of Mildred Goldberg, a Manhattan Project secretary. Goldberg unknowingly became a key contributor to the development of the atomic bomb as she typed out and organized the scientists’ notes. She described a pleasant work environment and expressed glowing admiration of the men she worked for—including Irving Kaplan, Francis Bonner, Andre J. De Bethune, William Nierenberg, and Howard Levi. This statement’s significance weighs even more heavily when one considers that this warning was written during a time when policies controlling the development of atomic energy were in their infancy.

Answer the following questions after reading and analyzing the document.

1. At a successful test of an atomic device just prior to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a leading American scientist quoted a Hindu text: “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” How did his expression compare with the statement issued a few months later by the Manhattan District scientists?
2. What arguments did the scientists put forward in favor of full disclosure and transparency rather than continued secret research and development?
3. Defensive measures were mentioned in the document. To what extent have any of these recommendations been followed? How realistic were these recommendations?