Create an outline for the following prompt. It should include a thesis, topic sentences, bullet points of evidence, and a concluding statement.
How do you account for the shift in American policy from the expansionism of 1804-1908?
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Thesis:
ReplyDeleteAlthough the United States foreign policy was dictated primarily by the Monroe Doctrine and a pseudo-isolationistic approach to the politics of Europe in the first half of the 19th century (excepting, of course, the War of 1812), the latter half of the century would see the rise of an American empire, attempting to wrestle Pacific atolls from other foreign powers’ grasps and attempting to dominate the seas, especially the Gulf of Mexico due to the loss of the American frontier, the rise of nationalism, and the Imperialistic mantras of political individuals such as Theodore Roosevelt.
Topic Sentences:
I. As aforementioned, the latter half of the 19th century was focused primarily on the homeland due to the principles of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that any European power attempting to exercise any control over any land in North and South America that wasn’t already there would have to war against the United States, who had earned an intimidating reputation for the stalemate over the War of 1812.
II. While the Monroe Doctrine did initially produce a defensive posture for American foreign policy in the first half of the 19th century, the latter half of the 19th century saw the use of it offensively as a false front to disguise the American attitude of nationalism and imperialism with the Spanish-American War at the turn of the century that led to the acquisition of the Philippines (excepting Manila, initially), the temporary occupation of Cuba, the annexation of Hawaii, the occupation of various Pacific islands, and the acquisition of Puerto Rico under the guise of liberating the crucial islands from Spanish oppression and rule (though the war was directly started by the explosion of the Maine off the coast of Cuba).
III. (Also concluding statement) Ultimately, the shift from a defensive foreign policy to an offensive foreign policy was directly shaped by nationalist, imperialist, and expansionist feelings in the United States due to the loss of the American frontier and a desire to put the United States not only on the frontline of the world economically (through industrialization and laissez-faire style economic functions) but also militarily.
Evidence:
For I:
War of 1812, The Anglo-Union and Anglo-Confederate relations during the Civil War, the Ostend Manifesto (utilized to suggest the shift to proto-imperialism under the desire to stabilize the federal government), The Monroe Doctrine, The Neutrality Proclamation, George Washington’s farewell address (and its influence in the early 19th century), Aroostook War (suggesting the eagerness for American expansionism). The Mexican American War, The Louisiana Purchase (to buttress the case for the American frontier)
For II:
Spanish-American War, Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden, The Mexican American War, Imperialistic cold war (between the U.S., Germany, UK, Spain, etc), Annexation of Hawaii, The Purchase of Alaska from Russia, “Closing of the Frontier”, The statement made by U.S to justify the “liberation” of Cuba from Spain, Theodore Roosevelt
Although the United States feared economic and militaristic competition during the early twentieth century, the United States’ lust for expanding the American influence was evident in both political and social areas which encouraged the ideals of Manifest Destiny.
ReplyDeleteTensions rose between the United States and some European countries due to the economic and militaristic conflictions that were taking place.
• The Samoan Islands caused a conflict between America and Germany over who could build a naval base there.
• Because of the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans, Italy and America almost fought.
• The threat of war emerged between Chile and the U.S. when two American sailors died at Valparaiso in 1892.
• Canadian arguments over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands off the coast of Alaska.
• Venezuela and Britain wound up strengthening the Monroe Doctrine after a conflict.
• With the discovery of gold the argument over the border of British Guiana and Venezuela made the situation worse.
• The U.S. was willing to fight over the new boundary of Great Britain, for the U.S. believed that Britain was overstepping the Monroe Doctrine, and Britain told America to get out of their business. However, Britain wouldn’t risk damaging merchant trade.
Social affairs helped boost the idea of Imperialism in the American people due to the literature of the day.
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst influenced overseas expansion with their “yellow journalism.”
• Reverend Josiah Strong’s Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis also strongly encouraged assimilating savages into American culture and Christianity and also influenced over sea expansion.
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, written by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, hypothesized that a great navy led to a great world power, and this book started a naval race and place America at the top with naval superiority, which also motivated the U.S. to look to expanding overseas.
Politics influenced imperialism because it caused impacts in the lives they affected.
• The McKinley Act raised the tax on sugar which, in turn, hurt Hawaii and the best possible solution the American’s could decide upon was the annexation of Hawaii. The Queen of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani refused until Americans revolted in Hawaii.
• Grover Cleveland was accused of stopping Manifest Destiny when he refused to sign the annexation papers because he felt they were morally unjust.
• Cubans revolted against Spain, hoping America would interfere; however, Cleveland would do nothing.
• America fights with Spain over the explosion of U.S.S. Maine.
All in all, the social and political aspects of the Imperialist age propelled the Americans to conquer countries that were insignificant to them.
Thesis: Although many believed the new imperialistic policy would be costly for the Americans, it was pursued because of the desire to increase trade and to fulfill the "White Man's Burden."
ReplyDeleteTS#1: Many believed imperialism would be costly for the U.S.
-William Jennings Bryan's idea that trade is not profitable unless it's voluntary
-no need to shed American blood to capture people who don't want to be captured
-more taxes
-expensive to send troops, ships, supplies, etc. to places to capture them
TS#2: In the late 19th century, as the world economy became more competitive, the U.S. wanted to increase trade through imperialism.
-McKinley tariff raised sugar prices in Hawaii, best way to offset it was to annex Hawaii, and American Hawaiians revolted
-when Cuba was granted freedom, the Platt Amendment was added to its constitution to promise free trade with the United States
-Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines were rich with natural resources, raw materials could be shipped to factories to make manufactured goods
TS#3: Imperialistic policies were also pursued because Americans felt it was the "White Man's Burden" to civilize indigenous peoples.
-Rudyard Kipling originally wrote about this necessity to rule people who couldn't rule themselves
-Platt Amendment allowed for the U.S. to intervene and restore order in Cuba in case of anarchy or revolt
-rid Hawaii of the monarchical system that Americans hated
-Christian missionaries wanted to go to these places to spread their religion, especially in the Philippines, where Catholicism had taken root thanks to the Spanish
Conclusion: The arguments for imperialism were altogether triumphant, and an expansionist policy was pursued for economic reasons and what was believed by many Americans to be moral reasons.
Although closing the western frontier played a part, the “White Man’s Burden” was the main cause of the shift in American policy from expansionism because it renewed a national feeling of duty to share the U.S.’s greatness with those less fortunate by any means necessary.
ReplyDelete Closing the western frontier meant the end of the “safety valve” on which the U.S. had come to rely, causing a push to expand to any land that Congress felt could be taken.
o Hawaii- sugar canes
o Cuba- sugar canes & national security
The White Man’s Burden was seen as a justification for the white men of the U.S. to go into new lands and spread their ideas to the natives all in the name of bettering the natives’ lives.
o Cuba- save from Spanish reign
o Philippines- improve schools, etc.
o Puerto Rico-save from Spanish reign
Although a rise in diplomatic crises or near-wars occured between the late 1880s and early 1890s, the shift in American policy from the expansionism of 1804-1908 happened because of the need for imperialism in the United States and the influence of sea power.
ReplyDeleteI. After temporarily resolving the problems of Reconstruction and Industrialization, Americans began to resume the course of expansion through imperialism.
Closing of the frontier- Many people were scared because the United States was running out of room in the nation and started looking elsewhere for expanding opportunties.
Religious/Missionary Interests- The spread of christianity through uncivilized nations and religious morals in the community.
Military/Strategic Interests- Hawaii was the sandwhich island between America and Japan, American wanted the island for their production of sugar and to stop the japanese from gaining control or access of the Hawaiian island. Also because it would increase the conditions of trade and foreign industry.
II. America’s survival depended upon a strong navy and that a strong navy would require island possessions to serve as naval bases.
The Hawaiian Islands, which lie closest to the American mainland, had long been an important stop for the Pacific fleet. Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, offered one of the most attractive natural bases in the Pacific.
As ships crossed the vast ocean to trade in Asia, islands in the Pacific became important stops for coal, provisions, and repairs.
The urge for expansion and exploration of the surrounding areas around the United States caused the shift in American policy. Imperialists thought it was the right thing to do because of many factors like the need for more land after the frontier was full and strong navy power in the Pacific.
Although the U.S. focused on expanding and settling the West in the late 1800's, a shift in policy from expansionism to imperialism occurred in the early 1900's because of the desire to become a world power and the benefits of international trade.
ReplyDeleteThe U.S. anticipated having closer relations with other countries to aid in their imperialism visions.
• Pan-American Conference
• Monroe Doctrine
• Roosevelt’s corollary
• Open Door Policy
The growing industrialism in the U.S. created a need for national markets to increase economic prosperity which led to imperialistic views as a solution.
• Annexation of Hawaii-Sugar production
• Spanish-American war; sugar production
• Teller Amendment
• Insular Cases
• Platt Amendment
Although the rewards for expansion were similar, American policy towards expansionism changed between the 1804 expansion and the 1908 imperialism because Americans were expanding for different reasons and the arguments made to the general public were shifted towards a different audience each time.
ReplyDeleteIn 1804, Americans were expanding to gain more territory for a growing population, whereas in 1908, they were expanding for security.
-Newly opened west from Revolution
-Louisiana purchase had to be explored
-Make room for growing population
-In 1908, Security
-Hawaii was a good military position: Japan could not get it.
-Protect nearby territories from foreign enemies
-Spain could not control Islands in US underbelly
-Overall protected mother country
The different reasons for expansion brought about similar outcomes and rewards both in 1804 and 1908.
-Both opened new trade routes
-Mississippi River and Hawaii respectively
-Both spread Christianity
-Missions for Indians and Philipinos .
-Both gave new abundant means of resourses
-Minerals and Sugarcane.
Though the rewards were the same, government decision makers had different campaigns to convince the American People to advocate expansion.
.-1804, Manifest Destiny
.-Manifest Destiny, they deserved coast to coast expansion
-Our duty to civilize the Natives
-1908, sea power
-Every other large nation expands over sea.
-America has always had ways to expand
.-White man’s Burden
The main differences between 1804 expansion and 1908 expansion was the values of the American people, and what they felt was justification for their actions, for as people grow, so their values.
-Brennan Ballard, Despite who Blogger may Say I am.
Thesis: Although some Americans resisted expansion, American policy shifted because the United States depended heavily on foreign trade and Europe started to expand, making America want to expand more.
ReplyDelete1. Expansion was resisted by some.
• Imperial rule would hurt Republican principles
• US didn’t like people who spoke different languages, practiced different religions, etc.
• Monroe Doctrine
• Some felt like it wasn’t the US’s place to expand
• Felt like the US would have too much power
• Feared wars
• Costly
2. The United States depended on foreign trade.
• World’s most productive economy
• Made U.S. a huge power
• Allowed for U.S. control
3. Also, expansion was needed because Europe started to expand.
• Europe expanded to Africa/Asia and seized 10 million sq. miles of territory
• 150 million people were under colonial rule
• U.S. feared that there wouldn’t be any more land
• They wouldn’t be most powerful
• Supported Manifest Destiny
• Expansion was crucial in economy of U.S.
Concluding Statement: Even though some didn’t agree with expansion, it was the only way to ensure that America would stay the most powerful country in the world.
Thesis: Although much of the United States’ expansion after 1850 was done purely through the act of economic purchase and were more business ventures than acts of expansion, the expansionism of 1804-1850 was the product of manifest destiny, whereas the expansionism of 1850-1908 was the product of forceful imperialism; the U.S. simply ran out of western lands on the North American Continent after 1850 and thus lost its “safety valve” for expansion.
ReplyDeleteI. The United States’ land purchases after 1850 were primarily attached to an opportunity for economic gain, for the new lands either provided bountiful natural resources or aided in the transportation of goods.
>Gadsden Purchase: 1853, Mexico, Southern railroad, James Gadsden
>Alaska: 1867, Russia, Klondike Gold, “Seward’s Folly,” Sec. of State William H. Seward
>Panama Canal: Clayton-Bulwer (1850)/Hay-Pauncefote (1901) Treaties, Theodore Roosevelt, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903), Pacific/Atlantic
II. The expansionism of the first half of the 19th century involved Americans’ “destiny” to expand throughout the North American continent through both violent and nonviolent expansion.
>Nonviolent- Louisiana Purchase (1803 France), British Cession (1818 49th parallel), Spanish Cession (1819 Florida), Oregon Country (1846 Britain 54°40′)
>Violent- Mexican Cession (1848, Mexican-American War, Guadalupe Hidalgo)
III. Imperialism drove the U.S. to venture overseas in the late 1800s, and the main aim of military expansionism in the late 1800s was to establish the United States as a world power and a great liberator in addition to giving the country access to new markets.
>Hawaii: (Other nations’ interests, Queen Liliuokalani, sugar, unofficial military dethroning, Grover Cleveland halting annexation in 1893, eventual annexation in 1898)
>Spanish-American War: (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Asian Markets, Monroe Doctrine, Teller Amendment, coaling stations, strategic naval bases)
Conclusion: The death of the American frontier, as chronicled by Fredrick Jackson Turner, was the primary factor in causing the spontaneous imperialism of the late 1800s, but the acts of expansion throughout the century differed in motives. Whether the motive was destiny, the allure of economic opportunity, or the gain of great international status, the United States utilized acted upon the motive of the time to ultimately strengthen the nation through expansionism.
A. Although the Anti-Imperialist League emerged, there was a shift in American policy from expansionism to imperialism because of the annexation of Hawaii and the construction of the Panama Canal.
ReplyDeleteI. There was a shift in American policy from expansionism to imperialism because of the annexation of Hawaii.
1. Before the Spanish-American war, expansionists kept an eye on the islands.
2. American settlers helped overthrow the Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani; however, President Cleaveland opposed the efforts to annex Hawaii.
3. The outbreak of war in combination with the fight for the Philippines granted Congress and President McKinley the justification to annex Hawaii.
4. This shows the evolution of expansionism to imperialism because of the overthrowing of Queen Liliuokalani to gain territory.
II. The construction of the Panama Canal also showed the shift from expansionism to imperialism.
1. The US needed a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to hold on to distant islands, from the Carribean to the Pacific.
2. President Roosevelt was eager to build this new canal; however, he was frustrated because Columbia wouldn't allow the US to build this canal through its territory.
3. Roosevelt supported a revolt in Panama in 1903. Since the US backed the revolt, the rebellion great succeeded.
4. Since the rebellion succeeded, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 was signed, granting the United States long-term control of a Canal Zone.
5. The building of the Panama Canal shows imperialism because the US, once again, tried to acquire territory from other territory.
III. The Anti-Imperialist League emerged to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. 1. The league included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen; and labor leaders.
2. The Anti-Imperialist League, strongest in the Northeast, was the largest organization on a US foreign-policy issue until the end of the 19th century.
B. To conclude, the US was ultimately shaped into an imperialistic nation during the 19th century.
I. Although Monroe Doctrine set a precedent for American policy for expansionism, Manifest Destiny and Imperialism account for the shift in American policy for expansionism of 1804-1908.
ReplyDeleteII. Manifest Destiny is responsible for the shift in American policy because of the idea that the U.S. should control the whole continent and the gaining of new territory.
• Manifest Destiny was a belief that the Almighty God had “manifestly” destined the American people for a hemisphere career
• Why: if the U.S. controls the whole continent, it keeps foreign countries out and makes it easier to enforce American policies in territory that is unclaimed
• How: the new territory gained was uninhabited an American policies could easily be put in place
III. Imperialism is also accounted for the shift in American policy because the United States was expanding to territories outside of the U.S. and the interpretation of American policy was questioned.
• Imperialism was a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
• How: with the U.S. expanding over seas, questions about whether the territory should adopt American policy or not came to question, causing the U.S to second guess their policy
• Why: new territories called for a revised American policy
IV. The Monroe Doctrine was one of the first major original American policy for expansionism because of its stern warning of non-colonization and non-intervention and its way to keep European influences out of the Western hemisphere.
• How: it warned foreign countries from intervening and colonizing in the Western Hemisphere
• Why: to keep European influence out of the Western Hemisphere and give the U.S. ability to form and shape their own policy
V. In conclusion, American policy for expansionism did shift because of Manifest Destiny and imperialism, but the Monroe Doctrine did set the guidelines for an American policy to put in place from 1804-1908.
Although manifest destiny was responsible for part of the shift in American policy during the period of expansionism from 1804-1908, business interest most shifted the country from a period of inner improvement to a center for global trade and communication.
ReplyDeleteI. The ability to move west and settle the frontier and later different areas of the world became a factor in changing American policy because it became deeply ingrained in the American character.
a) Turner Thesis- frontier shapes Americans - Americans later shape policy
b) John O'sullivan (1845)- divine mission to extend power and civilization - shaped way people viewed others
II. From 1804-1908, the country went through a period of industrialization which later led to a need for more natural resources and raw materials that were attained through expansion across America and the world.
a)The Homestead Act of 1862- encouraged farmers to move to Great Plains to harness available resources to help industry
b)Purchase of Hawaii for sugar production/ Purchase of Philippines for raw materials
c)Insular Cases- Puerto Rico used for natural resources and labor
Through the period of expansionism from 1804-1908, the country grew in more than just size; it grew into a nation devoted to being a world power and extending its religious and financial power to the rest of the world. This shift towards being a world power was influenced by manifest destiny but was most made possible through the spreading of business interests that most shaped American mentality and policy.
Although there were anti-imperialists that were against the idea of imperialism in the U.S., the expansion to other countries transformed American policy because of the conflicts in Latin America and Asia.
ReplyDeleteI. Following the war with the Philippines, the Anti-Imperialist League was established, firmly opposing the idea of imperialism.
Violated principles of declaration of independence
U.S. took possession of a heavily populated area of a different culture and race depriving Filipinos of the right to “life, liberty, and happiness”
Hurt laborers
First to suffer if Orientals take jobs, military violence occurs, and when methods of imperialism are applied to American government.
Trade
Trade can only be profitable unless voluntary; not necessary to own the people we trade with; cost of securing it are too large to cover expense
Forced religion
Forcing Christianity on Orientals will soon be forced on American soil
II. The United States also had established problems while assuming the role of protector in Latin American countries
Enforcing the Monroe Doctrine
Pan-American union
Boundary dispute of Venezuela and Britain
Roosevelt Corollary
Spanish-American War
Cuban revolt
Yellow press
U.S.S Maine sinking
President Mckinley’s war message
Teller amendment
Insular Cases
Platt Amendment of 1901
III. As expansion and imperialism gained further involvement in the U.S., the idea began to reach to Asia.
China
Open door policy
Boxer Rebellion
John Hay: preserve china’s territorial integrity and safeguard “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire
railroads
East Asia
Russo-Japanese War
Gentlemen’s Agreement: restrict emigration of Japanese workers to U.S. in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal discriminatory laws
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908
Annexing of Hawaii
Lodge Corollary
Although increasing population between 1804-1908 did lead to a shift in American policy, new technological advances as well as land expansion were the main causes for this shift of American policies.
ReplyDeleteA growing population in the 19th century led to new shifts in the policies of the United States.
*immigrants (irish and European)
*African American slaves
*Indian Removal Acts
*Trail of Tears
*The gold rush that brought all the different ethnicites
New technological advances also led to a shift in the United States policies in the 19th century
*cotton gin
*railroads
*steamboat
*canals
*electricity
*industrialization and urbanization that allowed factories and cities to flourish
The expansion of territory in the 19th century led to acquiring of new lands which caused for new policies in the United States.
*Manifest Destiny
*Gadsen Purchase
*Oregon Territory
*Land ordinances
*Missouri compromise
*compromise of 1850
*once all land was taken the US decided to further into controlling the sea towards the early 1900s
Between 1804-1908, the United States changed due to newly acquired territories, new technological advancements, as well as rising populations. All these factors attributed to the change of policies in the 19th century.
The American policy of expansionism was developed as a result of a need for military strength and strategy and a desire to extend and protect trade outside of American borders.
ReplyDelete1. In the 1800s there was a strong push to extend the U.S.'s military, namely their navy as written about by Alfred Thayer Mahan in his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.
- Pulitzer and Hearst
- recoaling stations
- maintaining Monroe Doctrine
The desire for trade came from the fact that all the other world powers were snatching up countries and America feared that the other powers would take a country they needed for trade
- Hawaii, Japan's interest
- Cuba and other small Pacific islands, helped to get free from Spain to protect economic investments
- open door policy in China
So, there were two main reasons behind the shift in American policy towards expansion, the push for a stronger more able military force, and the need to secure and protect American economic investments and trade with countries outside of its borders,
Although the first push for expansion was mainly following Manifest Destiny, American’s started shifting towards more of an imperialist point of view because of a want for power and control.
ReplyDeleteI. Manifest Destiny sparked the expansion flame in the United States first.
• Thought the continent was given to Americans
• Spread Christianity
• Expand to coast
II. Imperialist wanted a strong country, and felt that it could be achieved through expanding.
• Strong Navy
• Use other countries to become an empire
• All other empires had colonies
III. Many of Imperial advocators thought that controlling countries would be vital because of the availability of trade
• Lowered prices of raw materials
• Increased industry productivity
• Limited other nations power of negotiation
Americans gained more confidence in the country, and wanted more because of the economic growth; thus made leaders feel that expanding and gaining territory was the only answer to the cries.
Similar to how reconstruction and the industrial shift within the states had a huge effect on society, expansionism and imperialism impacted the social and economic aspects of society to produce a successful American empire. During the late 1880's industry had come of age and with a sense of reconstructing and industrializing, a majority of American interest was focused inward amongst the states.
ReplyDelete*reconstruct society after civil war
*settle westward
*build industrial economy instead of agricultural
*railroads, mining, electricity, and cattle ranches
*unify the nation
During 1804 and 1908, a shift in U.S. foreign policy occurred that reshaped the social and economic structure of America. Uncle Sam began to extend his reach outward into international affairs.
*becoming a powerful empire was a trending topic
*peaceful commerce which was good for farmers, merchants, and factories
*build foreign industry
*good for business and commerce b/c trading with other nations would ultimately increase it
*Christianize the "backwards" people(religious duty-Josiah Strong)
*Social superiority-Anglo-Saxonism
*closing of frontier
With Uncle Sam hungry for a powerful empire, expansionist and imperialistic ideals where at the top of the menu. The U.S. was eager to compete,and it soon made its mark as a force to be reckoned with.
Although the United States was more conservative in the early part of the 19th century, the shift in American foreign policy from expansionism became more aggressive from 1804-1908 because of possibilities in trade and anglo-saxonistic thinking.
ReplyDeleteThe United States was a consertive country from 1804 up until the turn of the Spanish-American War.
1. Monroe Doctrine- Kept foreign countries out.
2. Intercountry trade.
3. Escape route of frontier- no reason to venture out of country
Foreign Markets outside of the county were enticing because they could be a source of revenue for the corporations and a money maker for the country’s treasury.
1. Spanish American War for cuba to keep that market open.
2. Hawaii for the sugar market
3. Trade with china opened.
The American people adopted the anglo saxon thinking that they were to dominate the globe and culture people of other races and nationalities.
1. White Mans Burden
2. Social Darwinism links
The more Aggressive United States of the late 19th century increased its boundaries and trade to become a world superpower while also maintaining peace with other European countries.
Although Americans believed all men were created equal and had documents in government to grant civil liberties, they continued to expand in the 19th century for economic gain.
ReplyDeleteTopic sentence: The building of a transcontinental railroad to expand work and commerce was vital in shaping Americans lives.
-immigrants & the railroad
-steel industry production
-trade was easier because products could be more easily exchanged
Topic sentence: Expansion abroad was a key factor in benefiting the United States militarily and economically.
-McKinley's tarriffs
-Cuban U.S.S. Maine
-yellow journalism
The United States began to integrate more people and policies into its country, and everyone and everything was affected by the changes.
I) Thesis: Although American foreign policy in the 19th century did become more aggressive due, in part, to wanting to civilize and protect lesser nations, the more dominant causes for America’s shift was the need for military and domestic security as well as the national mass’s popular opinion because without the necessary army, the United States was fated to fall behind all other leading powers of the time and it is the government’s job to consent to the public will.
ReplyDeleteII) Although Paragraph: Because of America’s feeling of superiority, they viewed it as their job to “Americanize” peoples whose customs seemed barbaric and crude.
a. Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden”
i. Served to incite feelings of responsibility among Americans to help those of lesser lifestyles.
b. Missionaries
i. made it their duty to flock to America’s holdings and Christianize the natives
c. Puerto Rico
i. There were organizations set up following the Spanish American War to help with sanitation, transportation, and education
III) Support Paragraph: As America was so focused on its internal issues during the Gilded age, it had fallen behind other leading nations who had already begun to build their empires, which led Americans to feel the need to play catch up.
a. Britain, Germany, Russia, and Japan all had begun building empires
b. Hawaii
i. America already viewed this as their own territory and wanted control of it as it was a vital provision point between Am and Japan.
c. Cuba
i. Spain was inching its way closer to the Western Hemisphere which caused American uneasiness because of potential infraction of Monroe Doctrine, so U.S. decided to help Cubans revolt
d. Philippines
i. In order to weaken Spain, we needed to attack it, but once fighting was over McKinley withheld Filipino freedom because he believed them incapable of governing themselves
IV) Support Paragraph: The Government’s hands were tied as its duty was to its people and its people called for expansion of the American ideals beyond its waters
a. Yellow press
i. Served to incite Americans to war and colonize Puerto Rico and Cuba
b. Alfred Thayer Mahan’s the Influence of Sea Power Upon History
i. Served to encourage the building of the Navy if America was to be able to compete with the best, it had to have control of the water in order to be able to trade freely with other nations
c. Closing of American Frontier
i. Americans still needed a sort of safety valve to have in times of political and social upheaval. Manifest Destiny extends to the Eastern Hemisphere
V) Conclusion: Because it was the public will ,because of the potential threat of America losing its leadership status, and because of the U.S. feeling obligated to take up the white man’s burden, the U.S. changed its foreign policy to fit the times it was facing leading it to morph into an aggressive state that had before been unprecedented in its history
Although there was a brief period of halted expansion during the Civil War, the idea of Manifest Destiny reemerged in the form of imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s because of the issue with Hawaii and Spanish conflicts.
ReplyDeleteThe idea of Manifest Destiny before the Civil War was that expanding westward was America's God-ordained responsibility.
-U.S. Responsibility
In the late 19th century, America started looking at Hawaii.
-trading route
-fuel route
-McKinley tariff
-sugar
-overthrow Liliuokalani
-annexation
The conflicts going on with the Spanish in Cuba and the Philippines led to the U.S. being affirmed as a world power.
-Spanish-American war
-Philippines revolt for independence
-Emilio Aguinaldo
-Platt Amendment
Imperialistic ideas emerged in the early 20th century mainly because of the Spanish conflicts and the issue of Hawaii.
Although policies for dealing with Native Americans didn't change much, a shift occured in American policy from the expansionism of 1804 to 1908 because new economic doors opened through westward expansion.
ReplyDeleteDespite the changes that occurred in American policy due to westward expansion, the policies concerning Native Americans didn't change much.
1. Sand Creek Massacre 2. Little Big Horn 3. A Century of Dishonor 4. Battle of Wounded Knee
The expansion of the west opened new economic doors for the United States, doors so big that a shift in American policy occurred. 1. railroads showed benefits/profits of expanding 2. telegraph and telephone gave means of communication so new areas wouldn't be out alone with no authority 3. expansion all the way to Pacific Ocean tore open veil between Asian and American trade, making expansion look great in terms of trade.
From 1804 to 1908, the United States expanded profusely, streatching from ocean to ocean and even in the ocean (Hawaii). This great expansion caused a shift in American policy, turning it to face imperialism and growth.
Although Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned against empires laying claim to different areas and colonies in the Americas, the United States changed its policies of expansionism from hands-off to hands-on over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries because of the ideas aroused by the Turner Thesis, Manifest Destiny, and general American paranoia.
ReplyDeleteI. The Turner Thesis was an argument made by historian Fredrick Jackson Turner in 1893 stating that American democracy was shaped by the frontier and the idea of hope and prosperity in America.
A. Immigrants came to US because “land of opportunity”
1. Frontiers closed means less “opportunity”
2. Moved west means pop growth, new cities, new states, etc.
B. People moved west to get rich
1. Many stayed poor and championed by Jacksonian democracy (yeoman/poor farmers)
C. Resources
1. Unexplored areas means hidden resources
2. Need for resources to fuel growing America
3. Many areas in question have valuable resources
II. Manifest Destiny is the idea that God selected a certain people, Americans, to spread his word to Native Americans, Blacks, etc., the United States applied this policy to justify many of its actions dealing with Native American and settlers conflicts; however, was now being used to justify its interests in creating an empire.
A. McKinley said that he experienced divine intervention
1. God told him that he was supposed to take over Cuba
2. Act of war against Spain for Cuba declared
III. A large majority of the United States’ diplomatic decisions throughout history were the caused by general American paranoia.
A. Many Americans felt need to take over islands/countries to keep other super powers out
1. Afraid that Japan would take Hawaii
B. Many decisions in past concerning France, Great Britain, and Spain
1. Foreign armament of Native Americans
C. Paranoid Americans over jobs and immigrants
1. Irish hatred
2. Immigration from china banned
3. Racism
4. Keep monarchism out of Americas(monroe doctrine)
Although the United States had warned against foreign intervention in the Americas to allow for growth of democracy, Americans also were interested in creating their own empire in the Americas and justified its own empire, the very thing the United States had warned against, through the Turner Thesis, implanting the idea that the country might collapse if there wasn’t some form of frontier or expansion of the United States, Manifest Destiny, justifying their actions through the implication that God wanted them to, and general American paranoia, convincing Americans themselves that their empire was just a precautionary measure to keep other foreign empires out of the Americas, leaving all the “ripe pears” for the United States to pick and choose.
Although the desire to protect foreign nations from detrimental powers was strong, the United States entered an imperialism era because of the desire to have definite trade products and to eliminate foreign competition and holds.
ReplyDeleteA) The United States did indeed want to offer conquered nations some degree of protection.
1. The Cuban insurrectos were placed in reconcentration camps by Butcher Weyler.
2. The countries supposedly could not govern themselves.
B) The conquered nations had valuable resources that the U.S. needed for trade.
1. Hawaii and sugar
2. Hawaii and supplies to Manila fighters
3. Construction of the Panama Canal
C) A main objective was also to eliminate foreign competition and holds.
1. Platt Amendment
2. Roosevelt Corollary
3. Open Door
4. Big Sister
Concern was definitely a counterpart in the shift in policy, but motivation for self gain and control was more powerful.
Although there were differences in expansionism ideas from 1804 to 1908 in the U.S., expansionism ideas stayed pretty similar because it was ingrained in the heads of the citizens that it was there destiny to expand their nation to keep the country going and to strengthen the countries around.
ReplyDeleteExpansionism between 1804 and 1908 did have differences in ideas.
- in the later 1800s, wanted to expand over seas
- since the navy was more powerful, could now conquer
- U.S. wanted to bring out their imperialism throughout the world
The ideals of expansionism, for the most part, were very similar to the old expansionism ideals.
- people still believed in Manifest Destiny
- people still believed in Darwinism
- the Americans believed that previous settlers of the lands not actually settlers so they believed the land was theirs and the people on it should be moved. They also believed they had to civilize the native people to the lands. This idea was still used as the U.S. looked to the oceans for new land.
Expansionism was very similar to past expansionism between 1804 and 1908 because the destiny of the settlers stayed the same although there were differences.
In the early years of the country the United States had focused on expansion and the dream of Manifest Destiny but leading up into the 20th century the united states became more focued on becoming a world power and gaining strength and security.
ReplyDeleteSafety valve
Although the US was once expanding because of a belief in manifest destiny and expansionism, The US shifted to a more imperialistic and ecinomic point of view as it became more involved in becoming a world power and panic arrose from the lose of the safety valve.
I. The previous want for land was purely hunger and the belief that the land was ment for us.
a. Manifest Destiny -from sea to shining sea-this land is god sent-tame the savages-
b.expansionism- a policy of expansion as of territory of currency or land
c. westward expansion
d. taking of land
II. As the United States expanded in territory it also expanded in power which lead to a new hunger.
a. The gold rush expanded the economy and so did the booming industries even if the poor were unintitled under it.
b. loans were given out to foreign countries
c. respect had finally been gained
III. The safety valve of unlimited cheap land slowly faded as the country stretched from sea to sea. Many worried that they wouldn't have enough but this want led to the economic growth as people pushed forward.
a. safety valve- the expance of unused land that was extremly vast and cheap this disappeared during the industrial revolution
-the cattle hearders
-railroads
-immigration
This shift lead to a new view on the "New World" and shifted the country towards economic imperialism.
Although the United States had primarily exhibited an Isolationist stance on foreign policy since the introduction of the Monroe Doctrine, the late 1800s saw the emergence of Imperialistic ideas due to both the American desire to control the Western Hemisphere known as Manifest Destiny and a desire to improve foreign trade.
ReplyDeleteA. Since the implementation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, America had exercised an isolationist stance on foreign policy.
- The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, warned against European intervention in Western affairs, therefore, leaving America alone in its own hemisphere.
-The United States had little reason to expand beyond its boundaries because many opportunities existed in the Western frontier as illustrated by the surge in westward expansion during the latter part of the nineteenth century.
B. Imperialistic ideas began to emerge during the latter portion of the nineteenth century due in part to Manifest Destiny.
-Manifest Destiny is the patriotic idea that Americans were meant to establish control over the land in the Western Hemisphere.
-With the publication of Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis concerning the closing of the western frontier came an increased desire to further exhibit Manifest Destiny outside of the American borders.
C. Imperialistic ideas began to emerge in the latter part of the 1800s due partly to a desire to improve foreign trade.
-By exercising imperialistic ideas, new trade opportunities with China, Cuba, and Hawaii became possible.
-Both the annexation of Hawaii and the Cuban revolt proved to be key in establishing new forms of trade and importation into the United States.
Prior to the late 1800s, America practiced isolationist practices in foreign policy; however, the enticement of new opportunities for land along with increased trade opportunities paved the way towards American imperialistic policy around the turn of the century.